不同运动类型改善青少年抑制、认知灵活性及工作记忆疗效的网状meta分析

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2026.09.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的通过传统meta与网状meta分析对不同运动改善青少年抑制、认知灵活性及工作记忆疗效进行对比。方法全面检索CNKI、万方、维普、百度学术、Web of science、PubMed、Science Direct数据库,检索时限为从建库至2025-12-01。利用Review Manager 5.4、Stata 18软件进行传统meta、网状meta分析。结果共纳入15项随机对照试验,包含17 289名青少年,有氧运动、抗阻运动、认知体能游戏、高强度间歇训练及多模式运动5项。亚组分析显示,20 min/次低剂量运动较对照组在改善青少年抑制功能方面差异有统计学意义[SMD=0.29,95%CI=(0.01,0.58)];45 min/次中等剂量较对照组在改善青少年认知灵活性方面差异有统计学意义[SMD=1.15,95%CI=(0.14,2.15)];4次/周的干预频率[SMD=1.52,95%CI=(0.56,2.48)]、共10~12周[SMD=0.66,95%CI=(0.04,1.29)]较对照组在改善青少年工作记忆方面差异有统计学意义。网状meta分析显示:①运动类型对青少年抑制功能改善效果排名:认知体能游戏(SUCRA=98.7%)>抗阻运动(SUCRA=77.8%)>有氧运动(SUCRA=51.9%)>多模式运动(SUCRA=34.0%)>无干预(SUCRA=30.1%)>高强度间歇训练(SUCRA=7.5%),且认知体能游戏较有氧运动[SMD=2.96,95%CI=(0.74,5.19)]、多模式运动[SMD=3.47,95%CI=(1.63,5.32)]、无干预[SMD=3.56,95%CI=(1.70,5.41)]、高强度间歇训练[SMD=4.38,95%CI=(2.06,6.71)]差异有统计学意义;②运动类型对青少年认知灵活性改善效果排名:有氧运动(SUCRA=83.5%)>认知体能游戏(SUCRA=59.3%)>多模式运动(SUCRA=44.9%)>高强度间歇训练(SUCRA=21.1%);③运动类型对青少年工作记忆改善效果排名:有氧运动(SUCRA=71.1%)>高强度间歇训练(SUCRA=61.1%)>多模式运动(SUCRA=57.3%)>抗阻运动(SUCRA=21.5%)。结论认知体能游戏在改善抑制功能方面表现出优势,有氧运动在提升青少年认知灵活性及工作记忆方面效果排于首位。干预剂量方面,20 min/次的低剂量对青少年抑制功能改善呈现正向效应趋势,45 min/次的中等剂量对青少年认知灵活性干预效果显著,且每周4次、为期10~12周的中长期干预能显著提升青少年工作记忆。

关键词: 认知障碍, 运动, 抑制, 认知灵活性, 工作记忆, 青少年, 网状meta分析

Abstract:

Objective To compare the effects of different exercise types on inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and working memory in adolescents through traditional meta-analysis and network meta-analysis. Methods CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect were systematically searched from database inception to December 1, 2025. Traditional meta-analysis, network meta-analysis, and graphical plotting were performed using Review Manager 5.4 and Stata 18. Results A total of 15 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 17 289 adolescents were included, covering five exercise types: aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, cognitively engaging physical games, high-intensity interval training, and multicomponent exercise. Subgroup analysis showed that 20 min/session of low-dose exercise significantly improved inhibition function in adolescents compared with the control group (SMD=0.29, 95%CI: [0.01, 0.58]); 45 min/session of moderate-dose exercise significantly improved cognitive flexibility (SMD=1.15, 95%CI: [0.14, 2.15]); and an intervention frequency of 4 times/week (SMD=1.52, 95%CI:[0.56, 2.48]) and a duration of 10-12 weeks (SMD=0.66, 95%CI: [0.04, 1.29]) significantly improved working memory in adolescents compared with the control group. Network meta-analysis showed that: ① the ranking of exercise types for improving adolescent inhibition function was cognitively engaging physical games (SUCRA=98.7%) > resistance exercise (SUCRA=77.8%) > aerobic exercise (SUCRA=51.9%) > multicomponent exercise (SUCRA=34.0%) > no intervention (SUCRA=30.1%) > high-intensity interval training (SUCRA=7.5%), and cognitively engaging physical games showed significant differences compared with aerobic exercise (SMD=2.96, 95%CI: [0.74, 5.19]), multicomponent exercise (SMD=3.47, 95%CI: [1.63, 5.32]), no intervention (SMD=3.56, 95%CI: [1.70, 5.41]), and high-intensity interval training (SMD=4.38, 95%CI: [2.06, 6.71]); ② the ranking of exercise types for improving cognitive flexibility was aerobic exercise (SUCRA=83.5%) > cognitively engaging physical games (SUCRA=59.3%) > multicomponent exercise (SUCRA=44.9%) > high-intensity interval training (SUCRA=21.1%); ③ the ranking of exercise types for improving working memory was aerobic exercise (SUCRA=71.1%) > high-intensity interval training (SUCRA=61.1%) > multicomponent exercise (SUCRA=57.3%) > resistance exercise (SUCRA=21.5%). Conclusion Cognitively engaging physical games show an advantage in improving inhibition function, whereas aerobic exercise ranks first in enhancing cognitive flexibility and working memory in adolescents. In terms of intervention dose, low-dose exercise of 20 min/session shows a positive trend in improving inhibition function, moderate-dose exercise of 45 min/session has a significant effect on cognitive flexibility, and medium-to long-term intervention of 4 times/week for 10-12 weeks can significantly improve working memory in adolescents.

Key words: cognition disorders, exercise, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, working memory, adolescents, network meta-analysis

中图分类号:

R741

李永婧, 苏怀义, 王鑫源, 张金龙, 宋淑华. 不同运动类型改善青少年抑制、认知灵活性及工作记忆疗效的网状meta分析[J]. 临床荟萃, 2026, 41(9): 773-786.

Li Yongjing, Su Huaiyi, Wang Xinyuan, Zhang Jinlong, Song Shuhua. Network meta-analysis of the effects of different exercise types on inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and working memory in adolescents[J]. Clinical Focus, 2026, 41(9): 773-786.

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参考文献 63

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研究者	国家	样本量 (T/C)	平均年龄 (T/C)	干预措施 (T/C)	干预方案	结局指标
Benzing等^[31],2016	瑞士	42(21/21)	T1:14.52±1.03 T2:14.61±1.22 C:14.38±1.02	②/③/①	15min/次,-,-	D-KEFS
Tavakoil等^[32],2024	伊朗	60(30/30)	12.13±0.28/12.83±0.61	④/①	45 min/次,3次/周,8周	Simon任务
Sjöwall等^[33],2019	瑞典	167(108/59)	-	②/①	20 min/次,-,-	D-KEFS/Stroop色词测验/WISC
Silva等^[34],2020	巴西	20(10/10)	12±2/12±1	②/①	-,2次/周,8周	TMT
Jeon等^[35],2017	美国	40(10/10/10/10)	T1:15.06±0.73 T2:15.47±0.78 T3:15.15±0.33 C:15.05±0.41	②/①	-,4次/周,12周	WISC
Kolovelonis等^[36],2023	希腊	102(36/34/32)	-	③/⑤/①	45 min/次,-,-	DFT
李琳等^[37],2020	中国	58(18/21/19)	T1:18.44±0.51 T2:18.43±0.51 C:18.58±0.51	②/④/①	50 min/次,3次/周,8周	Stroop色词测验/N-back任务
张凯等^[38],2019	中国	32(17/15)	-	⑤/①	45 min/次,2次/周,10周	Flanker任务
张立敏等^[39],2019	中国	66(33/33)	-	⑤/①	45 min/次,-,12周	Flanker任务/shifting task/N-back任务
Rutkauskaite等^[40],2025	立陶宛	63(31/32)	13.7±0.8/13.9±0.8	⑤/①	60 min/次,3次/周,4周	Stroop色词测验/VDST
Hillman等^[41],2014	美国	221(109/112)	-	⑤/①	70 min/次,5次/周,20周	CSST
Ludyga等^[42],2018	瑞士	35(19/16)	12.5±0.7/12.4±0.7	⑤/①	20 min/次,5次/周,8周	Stroop色词测验
Subramanian等^[43],2015	英国	350(172/175)	-	⑤/①	120 min/次,6次/周,24周	RFFT
Williams等^[44],2022	英国	16(8/8)	11.8±0.2/11.6±0.4	⑥/①	60 min/次,3次/周,2周	Stroop色词测验、Sternberg paradigm
Wassenaar等^[45],2021	英国	16 017(7 860/8 157)	12.5±0.30/12.5±0.29	⑥/①	60 min/次,2次/周,40周	Flanker任务/CSST/2-Back任务

研究者	国家	样本量 (T/C)	平均年龄 (T/C)	干预措施 (T/C)	干预方案	结局指标
Benzing等^[31],2016	瑞士	42(21/21)	T1:14.52±1.03 T2:14.61±1.22 C:14.38±1.02	②/③/①	15min/次,-,-	D-KEFS
Tavakoil等^[32],2024	伊朗	60(30/30)	12.13±0.28/12.83±0.61	④/①	45 min/次,3次/周,8周	Simon任务
Sjöwall等^[33],2019	瑞典	167(108/59)	-	②/①	20 min/次,-,-	D-KEFS/Stroop色词测验/WISC
Silva等^[34],2020	巴西	20(10/10)	12±2/12±1	②/①	-,2次/周,8周	TMT
Jeon等^[35],2017	美国	40(10/10/10/10)	T1:15.06±0.73 T2:15.47±0.78 T3:15.15±0.33 C:15.05±0.41	②/①	-,4次/周,12周	WISC
Kolovelonis等^[36],2023	希腊	102(36/34/32)	-	③/⑤/①	45 min/次,-,-	DFT
李琳等^[37],2020	中国	58(18/21/19)	T1:18.44±0.51 T2:18.43±0.51 C:18.58±0.51	②/④/①	50 min/次,3次/周,8周	Stroop色词测验/N-back任务
张凯等^[38],2019	中国	32(17/15)	-	⑤/①	45 min/次,2次/周,10周	Flanker任务
张立敏等^[39],2019	中国	66(33/33)	-	⑤/①	45 min/次,-,12周	Flanker任务/shifting task/N-back任务
Rutkauskaite等^[40],2025	立陶宛	63(31/32)	13.7±0.8/13.9±0.8	⑤/①	60 min/次,3次/周,4周	Stroop色词测验/VDST
Hillman等^[41],2014	美国	221(109/112)	-	⑤/①	70 min/次,5次/周,20周	CSST
Ludyga等^[42],2018	瑞士	35(19/16)	12.5±0.7/12.4±0.7	⑤/①	20 min/次,5次/周,8周	Stroop色词测验
Subramanian等^[43],2015	英国	350(172/175)	-	⑤/①	120 min/次,6次/周,24周	RFFT
Williams等^[44],2022	英国	16(8/8)	11.8±0.2/11.6±0.4	⑥/①	60 min/次,3次/周,2周	Stroop色词测验、Sternberg paradigm
Wassenaar等^[45],2021	英国	16 017(7 860/8 157)	12.5±0.30/12.5±0.29	⑥/①	60 min/次,2次/周,40周	Flanker任务/CSST/2-Back任务

结局指标	纳入研究数(个)	异质性检验结果		效应模型	meta分析结果
结局指标	纳入研究数(个)	I²值(%)	P值	效应模型	SMD(95%CI)	P值
抑制	10	85.55	<0.01	随机	0.36[0.04, 0.65]	<0.05
认知灵活性	8	98.47	<0.01	随机	0.77[0.03, 1.51]	<0.05
工作记忆	9	95.37	<0.01	随机	0.66[0.03, 0.70]	<0.05

结局指标	纳入研究数(个)	异质性检验结果		效应模型	meta分析结果
结局指标	纳入研究数(个)	I²值(%)	P值	效应模型	SMD(95%CI)	P值
抑制	10	85.55	<0.01	随机	0.36[0.04, 0.65]	<0.05
认知灵活性	8	98.47	<0.01	随机	0.77[0.03, 1.51]	<0.05
工作记忆	9	95.37	<0.01	随机	0.66[0.03, 0.70]	<0.05

结局指标	亚组		纳入研究数 (个)	异质性检验结果		meta分析结果
结局指标	亚组		纳入研究数 (个)	I²值(%)	P值	SMD(95%CI)	P值
抑制	结局指标	D-KEFS	1	-	-	0.32[0.00, 0.64]	>0.05
		Simon任务	1	-	-	1.62[1.04, 2.20]	<0.01
		DFT	1	-	-	0.90[0.40, 1.39]	<0.01
		Stroop色词测验	4	0.00	>0.05	0.17[-0.15, 0.48]	>0.05
		Flanker任务	3	60.69	>0.05	0.09[-0.27, 0.45]	>0.05
	干预措施	有氧运动	1	-	-	0.32[0.00, 0.64]	>0.05
		认知体能游戏	2	71.27	>0.05	1.24[0.53, 1.95]	<0.01
		多模式运动	4	0.00	>0.05	0.28[0.01, 0.56]	<0.05
		抗阻运动	1	-	-	0.00[-0.63, 0.63]	>0.05
		高强度间歇训练	2	0.00	>0.05	-0.04[-0.07, -0.01]	<0.05
	剂量	20 min/次	2	0.00	0.05	0.29[0.01, 0.58]	0.05
		45~50 min/次	5	83.23	<0.01	0.59[-0.03, 1.21]	>0.05
		60 min/次	3	32.24	>0.05	0.03[-0.23, 0.29]	>0.05
	频率	2次/周	2	0.00	>0.05	-0.04[-0.07, -0.01]	<0.05
		3次/周	4	84.18	<0.01	0.49[-0.30, 1.28]	>0.05
		5次/周	1	-	-	0.16[-0.49, 0.81]	>0.05
	周期	2~4周	2	0.00	>0.05	0.25[-0.19, 0.68]	>0.05
		8周	3	87.71	<0.01	0.60[-0.42, 1.62]	>0.05
		10~12周	2	59.09	>0.05	0.22[-0.43, 0.87]	>0.05
		40周	1	-	-	-0.04[-0.07, -0.01]	<0.05
认知灵活性	干预措施	有氧运动	2	95.99	<0.01	1.96[-1.84, 5.75]	>0.05
		认知体能游戏	2	82.65	<0.05	1.17[0.19, 2.16]	<0.05
		多模式运动	3	0.00	>0.05	0.20[0.04, 0.35]	<0.05
		高强度间歇训练	1	-	-	-0.01[-0.04, 0.03]	>0.05
	剂量	15~20 min/次	2	62.21	>0.05	0.31[-0.23, 0.86]	>0.05
		45 min/次	2	86.58	<0.05	1.15[0.14, 2.15]	<0.05
		60~70 min/次	2	0.00	>0.05	-0.00[-0.03, 0.03]	>0.05
		120 min/次	1	-	-	0.16[-0.05, 0.37]	>0.05
	频率	2次/周	2	96.34	<0.01	1.91[-1.98, 5.8]	>0.05
		5~6次/周	2	0.00	>0.05	0.15[-0.02, 0.31]	>0.05
工作记忆	结局指标	N-back任务	5	96.65	<0.01	0.78[-0.29, 1.84]	>0.05
		WISC	2	87.67	<0.01	0.71[-0.73, 2.14]	>0.05
		VDST	1	-	-	0.26[-0.23, 0.75]	>0.05
		Sternberg paradigm	1	-	-	0.50[-0.44, 1.44]	>0.05
	干预措施	有氧运动	2	87.67	<0.01	0.71[-0.73, 2.14]	>0.05
		多模式运动	3	0.00	>0.05	0.36[0.05, 0.66]	<0.05
		抗阻运动	2	96.81	<0.01	1.62[-1.10, 4.33]	>0.05
		高强度间歇训练	2	11.80	>0.05	0.02[-0.22, 0.26]	>0.05
	剂量	20 min/次	1	-	-	0.05[-0.27, 0.36]	>0.05
		45~50min/次	4	94.26	<0.01	0.99[-0.31, 2.29]	>0.05
		60 min/次	3	26.73	>0.05	0.07[-0.17, 0.30]	>0.05
	频率	2次/周	2	0.00	>0.05	-0.01[-0.04, 0.02]	>0.05
		3次/周	4	93.49	<0.01	1.00[-0.32, 2.31]	>0.05
		4次/周	1	-	-	1.52[0.56, 2.48]	<0.01
	周期	2~4周	2	0.00	>0.05	0.31[-0.12, 0.75]	>0.05
		8周	2	96.81	<0.01	1.62[-1.10, 4.33]	>0.05
		10~12周	3	60.16	>0.05	0.66[0.04, 1.29]	<0.05
		40周	1	-	-	-0.01[-0.04, 0.02]	>0.05